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Right-click ally equal to or an to end the LINE command. Open the Default drop-down list, Zoom or pan as neces- sary as you are working select 0. Type L, and press Enter twice to continue drawing from the last with layers in point. Toggle Grid off in the status bar.
Commands that operate while another command is running are called transparent commands. Typing an apostrophe before a command forces it to be run transparently.
For example, while drawing a line type 'Z and press Enter. Polar Tracking is more lexible than Ortho mode, with the ability to constrain lines to increments of a set angle.
Begin by opening the ile Ex Type L, position the cursor over the right endpoint of the horizontal line, and click to establish the irst point of a new line. Toggle off Snap mode by pressing the F9 key.
Toggle on Ortho mode by clicking the Ortho toggle in the status bar or by pressing the F8 key. Ortho mode constrains the line vertically and typing in an explicit value obviates the need for Snap. Toggle off Ortho mode by clicking its status bar button.
Toggle on Certification Objective Polar Tracking by clicking the adjacent button on the right. The dash is a necessary 6. Move the cursor around, and observe that green dashed lines appear separator between in eight locations around a circle in 45 increments. Move the cursor whole and fractional inches. Ortho and Polar Tracking save you from having to type in angles or coordinate values explicitly, or to even think about coordinate systems.
Instead of being tied to a spatial grid as with Snap , PolarSnap is based on relative polar coordinates. Exercise 3. Toggle on Snap by clicking its icon on the status bar.
Right-click the same button, and choose Snap Settings from the context menu. Certification 2. Use polarSnap 47 3. Right-click to end the LINE command. Press the spacebar to repeat the LINE command. Type 0,0 or , for metric and press Enter to input the irst endpoint of the new line. Toggle off Snap mode by clicking its icon on the status bar, thus dis- abling PolarSnap. Move the cursor horizontally to the right until it overshoots the last line drawn in step 5. Click to draw the line without worrying about its length see Figure 3.
Right-click to complete the command. Type F for Fillet , and press Enter. Verify that Radius is set to 0 in the Command window, and then click the vertical and horizontal lines on the portions of the lines that you want to keep marked A and B in Figure 3. Select Running object Snaps The lines you have drawn thus far are all precisely connected because they were chained together as they were drawn or their coordinates were known.
Aside from these special circumstances, lines must be connected using object snaps to ensure accuracy. Begin by open- ing the ile Ex Press Z and then Enter. Click two points to deine a tightly cropped zoom window around point A. Zoom in again if necessary until you can see that the endpoint of the line you just drew is not on the hori- zontal line see Figure 3.
No matter how carefully you clicked point A in the previous step, the line you drew will not be on the edge it will either fall short of it or overshoot it.
Click Zoom Previous again if necessary to return to the original view. Click the line drawn in step 3, and press the Delete key. Toggle on Object Snap on the status bar. Right-click the same Certification Objective icon, and choose Object Snap Settings from the context menu. Toggle off Polar Tracking on the status bar. Move the cursor close to point A in Figure 3. When it does, click to snap You can toggle on one the irst point of your line precisely to this point.
Move the cursor down to point B, and wait until the green perpendic- the actual geometric ular marker appears. When it does, click the drawing canvas to select perpendicular; as long the second point of the line.
This line as the perpendicular is connected precisely at both ends because Object Snap was used. Zoom into point A or B in Figure 3. Click Zoom Extents in the Navigation bar to exactly.
Hold down Shift, right-click to open the Object Snap context menu, and choose Nearest. Object snaps invoked from the context menu override any running object snaps. Click point A, shown in Figure 3. Nearest ensures that the new line is attached somewhere along the edge of the horizontal line. Move the cursor close to point B, as shown in Figure 3. Choosing None in the Snap context menu Harness the From Snap overrides any running snaps with no snap.
Rather than snapping to an existing geometrical feature such as an endpoint, midpoint, intersection, and so on , how do you snap a set distance and direction from one? Answer: Use the From snap, as shown in the following exercise. Type L and press Enter. Hold Shift and right-click to open the Object Snap context menu.
Select From in the context menu. Click point A shown in Figure 3. This is the point from which you will specify a displacement. Move the cursor to point B, and wait for the running perpendicular snap marker to appear.
When it does, click to specify the second point of the line. Select the line you just drew, and press the Delete key. Apply object Snap tracking Object snap tracking is for situations where you want to snap to a point that has a geometric relationship with two or more snap points. Toggle on Object Snap Tracking by clicking its icon on the status bar. Certification Objective Verify that Ortho mode is on. Move the cursor over point A in Figure 3. When the running mid- point snap marker appears, move the cursor horizontally to the right to establish the irst tracking line.
Do not click yet. Move the cursor over point B in Figure 3. Move the cursor down vertically to estab- lish the second tracking line. Again, do not click yet. Move the cursor down until both tracking lines intersect. When they do, click point C to set the center point of the circle. Click the Rectangle tool on the Draw panel. Move the cursor over the endpoint marked A in Figure 3.
Move the cursor to point B in Figure 3. Move the cursor horizontally back to the intersection with the irst tracking line, and click to establish the irst corner of the rectangle point C. The rectangle and drawing is complete see Figure 3. Most of your time will be spent editing entities. In complex drawings you have to plan how you will select only those entities you want to edit while leaving all other entities unaffected.
You will learn a number of techniques for adding and removing entities from the selection set, which is the collection of entities your chosen editing command acts upon.
To edit objects, you must irst select them. In complex drawings, selecting would be tedious if you had to click one object at a time. In the following exercise, you will learn several eficient selection methods that you can use at any Select objects: prompt, which appears in every editing command. Zoom into Stair A in the building core. The prompt in the Command window reads as follows: ERASE Select objects: This is the same way almost every command begins—with the opportunity to create a selection set.
Click point A and then B, as shown in Figure 4. Observe that a trans- Objective parent implied window appears between these points. The objects that are selected are only those completely contained within the borders of the blue window.
This particular selection includes the stair arrows, handrails, and three lines representing stair treads near the break lines. Create Selection Sets 59 A You can draw implied windows either by clicking two opposite corner points, or by clicking the first corner point and then drag- B ging to the opposite corner and releasing F I G u R E 4.
Type R for Remove , and press Enter. When you click Certification Objective the irst point on the right A and move the cursor to the left at B , a transparent green crossing window appears between the points. Whatever the green window crosses is selected. The crossing selec- tion removes the handrail and two of the stair treads because the selection was made at the Remove objects: prompt. Click point A and then point B, as shown in Figure 4. This implied window selects the short line segment trapped in the break line and removes it from the selection set.
Type A for Add , and press Enter. Click both of the break lines to add them to the selection set. All of Objective the break line segments are selected in two clicks because the break lines are polylines. Hold Shift, and click the break lines again. They are removed from the selection set without being at the Remove objects: prompt.
Exercise 4. Additional dynamic input prompts are available on screen when you select objects irst. Create Selection Sets 61 Begin by opening the ile Ex Click point A, as shown in Figure 4.
Press the down-arrow key to expand the dynamic input menu on screen. Select WPolygon. Click points B through H, as shown in Figure 4. Only those objects completely polygonal crossing contained within the borders of the blue window will be selected. Press Enter to make the selection. Square blue dots appear on the selected objects—these are called grips, and you will learn to use them later in this chapter. Press Esc to deselect. Toggle on Ortho mode in the status bar.
Without being concerned with measurements or accuracy, draw a line under the word Stair, a circle around the letter A, and a rectangle around the entire section, in that order see Figure 4.
Select the circle and the line and press Enter. The grips for the circle and line appear; press Esc to deselect. Click the Erase icon on the Modify panel. At the Select objects: prompt, type P for Previous and press Enter. The circle and line are selected because they comprise the set of objects that was selected previously.
Press Enter again to delete these objects. Type L for Last , and press Enter. The rectangle is selected because it was the You can select the entire draw- last object you created. There can only be one last object. Press Enter ing by typing all again to delete the rectangle. Click the dot at the end of the stair direction line shown in Figure 4. This dot is at the conluence of the horizontal stair direction line and the vertical tread line. When Selection Cycling is on, you are presented with the Selection dialog box whenever your selection is ambiguous.
Hover the cursor over the items in the list and each one is highlighted in blue on the drawing canvas. Select the line in the list that highlights the stair direction line as shown in Figure 4. Create Selection Sets 63 Click this dot. Select one of the vertical tread lines in Stair A by clicking on it.
Right-click, and choose Select Similar from the context menu that appears. All lines on the same layer are selected; you might have to zoom out to see both stairs see Figure 4. Other object types on the same layer remain unselected because they were not similar enough. Press Esc. Here you can choose criteria to determine which object properties must match in order to be selected by this useful com- mand: Color, Layer, Linetype, Linetype Scale, Lineweight, Plot Style, Object Style, or Name.
Pan to the upper-right quadrant of the building, and zoom into the furniture grouping that needs to be illed in. Click the chair that is not in front of a desk to select it. Position the cursor over the selected chair, but not over its grip. Drag the chair while holding down the left mouse button to move it closer to the upper desk, as shown in Figure 4.
To position the chair more precisely, click the Move tool in the Modify panel. Select the chair you just moved in the previous step and press Enter. Right-click the Object Snap toggle in the status bar, and choose Midpoint Certification Objective from the context menu if it is not already selected.
Click the base point at the midpoint of the front of the chair point A in Figure 4. Click the second point B in Figure 4. The chair is moved precisely to the midpoint of the desk edge. Press the spacebar to repeat MOVE. Type P, and press Enter twice to Certification Objective select the same chair again. Type D, and press Enter once more to choose the Displacement option.
In Displacement mode, the irst point is the origin point. Any coordinates you enter are relative to the origin, so typing the symbol is unnecessary.
Click the Copy tool in the Modify panel. Select the chair you just moved and press Enter twice. Select the midpoint of the desk point B in Figure 4. Press the spacebar to repeat the previous command, select both desks Certification Objective and chairs with crossing windows but not the low partition between them , and press Enter.
Select point A in Figure 4. Type A and press Enter. Type 3, press Enter, and then click point B in Figure 4. Pan over to the Conference room. Select the Object option by clicking Object on the command prompt. You must include the Select the inner left wall line and watch as the crosshair cursor original object in the count of items.
Toggle on Ortho on the status bar if it is not already on. Type CO for Copy , and press Enter. Select the chair that is against the left wall of the Conference room and press Enter.
Click an arbitrary base point by clicking in the empty space of the Conference room. Move the cursor down along the direction of the wall and click the Array option. The command prompt reads as follows: Enter number of items to array: Type 5, and press Enter. Move the cursor downward, and observe that ive ghosted chairs appear.
When the spacing looks right see Figure 4. The crosshair cursor returns to its default orientation. Numerically speaking, you typically rotate by degrees or scale by percentages about base points. On the other hand, you can avoid using numbers entirely by choosing the Reference options, which let you rotate or scale selection sets in relation to other objects. Navigate to Reception at the bottom of the loor plan.
Click the Rotate button in the Modify panel, select the upper lounge chair, and press Enter. Toggle off Ortho and Polar Tracking if it is on in the status bar. Move the cursor around the point, and observe that a rubber-band line connects the base point to your cursor and a ghosted image of the chair is superimposed over the original chair representation.
Move the cursor until the rubber band aligns more or less perpen- dicularly to the wall behind the chair see Figure 4. Click the chair that you just rotated to select it without issuing an explicit command. Hold the Ctrl key, and repeatedly press the arrow keys to nudge the selected object a few pixels at a time. Nudge the chair so that it is a similar distance from the wall and the round table as compared to the other armchair in Reception.
Press Esc to deselect all. Zoom out and focus on the upper-left quadrant of the building. Select the furniture group shown in Figure 4. Select midpoint A as the base point, and select midpoint B as the second point. Type RO for Rotate , and press Enter. Type L for Last and press Enter twice. Select the same midpoint where the furniture group was attached to the midpoint of the shell window wall as the base point of the rotation.
Instead of specifying the reference angle with a number, you will determine the angle interac- tively. Type and press Enter to input the base point of the rotation as the base point of the reference angle.
Click endpoint A as shown in Figure 4. The furniture group rotates so that it is parallel and cen- tered on the window wall. Pan over to the upper-right quadrant of the building, and zoom in on the oversized round table.
Click outside the menu to close it and then ence to other objects without having to snap to the center of the circle by hovering over the circle and then input numerical angles moving the cursor to its center and clicking. Enter to scale the circle down to 50 percent of its original size see Figure 4. Toggle on Ortho on the status bar, and move the chairs closer to the table, both horizontally and vertically.
You will learn how to create two types of associative arrays: rectangular and polar. Type OB for Object , and press Enter. Select the left side of the bottom-left edge of the table in the Small Conference room. Click the Rectangular Array tool on the Modify panel. Select both chairs on the sides of the conference table and press Enter.
Change Columns to 1 and Rows to 5 on the temporary Array Creation tab that appears on the ribbon. Select the Associative toggle in the Properties panel if it is not already blue. Click Close Array on the ribbon. Select one of the new chairs, and observe that all the arrayed chairs side of the line you are selected as a unit. Click Close Array. Type UCS, and press Enter twice to return to the world coordinate system.
Type AR for Array , and press Enter. Type PO for Polar , and press Enter. Hold down Shift, and right-click to open the Object Snap context menu. Work with Ar r ays 73 5. Type 12 in the Items text box on the ribbon and press Tab. The table is a bit too large.
Click the circle to select the table. Press Enter and then Esc. Click any one of the chairs to select the polar array. Hover the cursor over the base point grip, and choose Stretch Radius see Figure 4. The chairs more closely wrap around the smaller table. Instead, these com- mands are used for arraying points. You can invoke the opposite Objective command while running either by holding down Shift.
Click the Extend tool on the Modify panel it is nested under Trim. Select the inner line of the bottom core wall and press Enter. Create a crossing window by clicking points A and B, as shown in This line will be the Figure 4. Four tread lines are extended. Click each remaining boundary edge that tread line, one at a time, to extend all the stair treads to the core wall. Type TR for Trim , and press Enter. Select the upper and lower hand- rail lines to act as cutting edges and press Enter.
Make a narrow crossing window in the center of the handrail to trim away all the treads that pass through the handrails, and press Enter. Type EX for Extend , and press Enter. Click each of the ive missing tread lines to extend them into the bottom light and press Esc to end the command. Hold Shift and click each one of the treads passing through the handrail.
Press Esc when you have removed all ive line segments see Figure 4. Type , and press Enter. Click the line segment on the right side of the incomplete copy machine to lengthen it toward the right. Type S for Stretch , and press Enter. Click points A and B as shown in Figure 4. Toggle on Ortho if it is not already on. Click a base point off to the right side of the door opening, well away from the geometry so that you do not inadvertently snap to anything.
The wall, door, and swing end up more or less centered on the wall. MIRROR cre- ates a reversed object at a distance from the original object as determined by the position of a drawn relection line. Click the Offset tool in the Modify panel. Select the elliptical arc at the bottom edge of the Copy Room. The command line asks you to specify a point to determine on which side of the selection to offset the new object.
In this case, click any- where above the elliptical arc, and a new ellipse is created such that its curvature matches the original but is spaced a set distance away. Press Esc to exit the command. Type F for Fillet , press Enter, and click the new elliptical arc and the inner line of the adjacent vertical wall on the right. Press the space- bar to repeat the FILLET command, and click the elliptical arc and inner line of the adjacent vertical wall on the left.
The intersections between the wall objects are cleaned up see Figure 4. Zoom into the furniture system that is missing two desks in the upper-right quadrant of the building. Click the Mirror tool in the Modify panel. Make crossing and individual line selections to select the desks and chairs shown in Figure 4. Double-click the mouse wheel to zoom to the drawing extents.
Select the furniture system indicated in Figure 4. For the irst point of the mirror line, type 0,0 and press Enter. Select this group. Press Enter to complete the The origin point is at command, and decline to erase the source object by pressing Enter the geometric center of again.
Edit with Grips All objects have grips, the square blue symbols that appear in AutoCAD at sig- Certification Objective niicant points when objects are selected without issuing any command. Select the inner line of the window wall directly below the sofas, right-click, and choose Properties from the context menu. Click both sofas and the coffee table in between them to select all three.
Click the grip in the center of the coffee table to activate it and turn it red. Press the spacebar again. Type 'CAL to invoke the command-line calculator transparently. Exercise 5. Figure 5. Click the Polyline tool on the Draw panel of the ribbon. Click the irst Objective point at point A, shown in Figure 5. Type A for Arc , and press Enter. Normally, polyline arcs 2.
Toggle off Ortho and Polar Tracking modes if they are on. Observe are defined by two that the arc you are drawing by default opposes the natural curvature points, and by using the of the lake see Figure 5.
Type S for Second Point and press Enter. Click point B shown in Figure 5. By turning on Node run- ning object snap, you 4. Right-click the Object Snap toggle in the status bar and turn on Node will be able to snap arcs and Endpoint in the menu. Toggle off any other snap options that are to all the point objects selected. Toggle on Object Snap if it is off. Press the spacebar to repeat the last command. Click point D shown in Figure 5.
Click each subsequent node around the right side of the lake until you reach point E in Figure 5. Press Enter. Certification 9. Click the right polyline, and click outside the lake. Click the sample file are meant outer arc surrounding the pentagonal structure, and then click out- to guide you in the side the lake. Click the Trim tool in the Modify panel. Press Enter to select all necessary when draw- objects as potential cutting edges, and click the portions of the arcs ing curves on your own.
Zoom into the lower highlighted area, and trim the arcs at their tips so that they meet at their endpoints. Certification Pan over to the building at the bottom of the lake. Click the lower- Objective left polyline to select it. Click the endpoint grip, move it down a short distance, and click again see Figure 5.
Press Esc, and then click the Undo button in the Quick Access toolbar. Click the Arc tool in the Draw panel, hold down Shift and right-click, and choose Nearest from the context menu. Click points A, B, and C in Figure 5. Press Enter twice to end and restart the ARC command. Type J for Join , and press Enter. Select all ive objects that comprise Objective the outer path three arcs and two polylines.
Press Enter, and the command line reads as follows: 14 segments joined into 1 polyline There are 14 segments if you include all the arcs that make up the two polylines. You are left with a single polyline marking the outer edge of the path. Press the spacebar to repeat the JOIN command. Select the three objects along the inner edge of the path, which include two polylines Use JOIN to connect and the arc above the pentagon. Press Enter, and multiple segments collinear lines even if there is a gap between are joined into one polyline see Figure 5.
JOIN is the The streamlined JOIN command makes the older workflow unnecessary. Multiple object types can be joined at once. The resulting object type depends on what was selected. Instead of stretching a cord from two pins to a moving pencil point which is how you draw an ellipse by hand , in AutoCAD you specify the lengths of its major and minor axes see Figure 5.
Zoom into the area in the lower left where the remaining point objects are located. The size of point objects is recalculated when the drawing is regenerated. Certification Objective 3. Open the Ellipse menu in the Draw panel, and choose the Center method. Click the center point, the end of the major axis, and the end of the minor axis, shown in Figure 5. Every ellipse has four 4. Expand the Modify panel and click the Break button.
Select the quadrant points corre- ellipse. The command prompt reads as follows: sponding to the cardi- nal directions: north, BREAK Specify second break point or [First point]: south, west, and east.
Click First Point on the command line. Right-click the Object Snap toggle in the status bar, and select Quadrant from the context menu. Click the quadrant point opposite the point object marking the end of the major axis see Figure 5. The lower half of the ellipse remains, leaving an elliptical arc.
Select the elliptical arc. Press Enter to accept the default when asked if you want to align the block with the selected object. Type 13 for the number of segments , and press Enter. Delete the three points used in drawing the ellipse, the elliptical mand always creates arc itself, and the white circle, which is the original Shrub block. Fortunately, it is easy to switch between CVs and Fit Points editing modes, so you can make up your mind about which method to use to suit the situation.
A control frame connects CVs and represents the maximum possible curvature between adjacent CVs. Shape Splines 93 You will now draw a CV spline around the lake. Find solutions for product design and manufacturing. Artists unite in the cloud to animate the powerful anti-war story Mila.
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